Merge branch 'BLE'

BLE/BLE-PC.py

+import asyncio
+from bleak import BleakScanner
+
+async def main():
+    devices = await BleakScanner.discover()
+
+    for device in devices:
+        print(device) if device.name != None else None
+
+asyncio.run(main())
\ No newline at end of file

BLE/BLE-RPi.py

+import gatt
+
+class ChatPeripheral(gatt.DeviceManager):
+    def device_discovered(self, device):
+        print(f"Discovered [{device.mac_address}] {device.alias()}")
+
+class ChatService(gatt.Service):
+    def __init__(self, manager):
+        super().__init__(manager=manager, uuid="12345678-1234-5678-1234-56789abcdef0", primary=True)
+
+class ChatCharacteristic(gatt.Characteristic):
+    def __init__(self, service):
+        super().__init__(
+            uuid="12345678-1234-5678-1234-56789abcdef1", service=service,
+            flags=gatt.Characteristic.FLAG_READ | gatt.Characteristic.FLAG_WRITE
+        )
+        self.message = ""
+
+    def ReadValue(self, options):
+        print("Client is reading the value!")
+        return [dbus.Byte(c.encode()) for c in self.message]
+
+    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
+        self.message = "".join([str(byte) for byte in value])
+        print(f"Received message: {self.message}")
+
+manager = ChatPeripheral(adapter_name='hci0')
+service = ChatService(manager)
+chat_char = ChatCharacteristic(service)
+
+manager.run()

BLE/BLESCannerGUI.py

+import asyncio, tkinter as tk, threading
+from bleak import BleakScanner, BleakClient
+
+# UUID for the characteristic to interact withs
+CHARACTERISTIC_UUID = '00000002-710e-4a5b-8d75-3e5b444bc3cf'
+RUNNING = True
+
+class App(tk.Tk):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        width, height = kwargs.pop("width", 800), kwargs.pop("height", 500)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.title("BLE app")
+        
+        self.geometry("{}x{}+{}+{}".format(width, height, (self.winfo_screenwidth() - width) // 2, (self.winfo_screenheight() - height) // 2 - 30))
+        self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.close)
+        self.tasks = []
+        
+        self.rowconfigure((0, 1), weight = 1)
+        self.columnconfigure(0, weight = 1)
+
+        listboxFrame = tk.Frame(self)
+        listboxFrame.grid(row = 0, column = 0, sticky = "nsew")
+
+        self.titles = ["Devices", "Services", "Characteristics"]
+        self.listboxes = []
+        listboxFrame.rowconfigure(1, weight = 1, uniform = "row")
+        listboxFrame.columnconfigure((0, 2, 4), weight = 1, uniform = "column")
+        for i in range(3):
+            tk.Label(listboxFrame, text = self.titles[i]).grid(row = 0, column = i * 2, columnspan = 2, sticky = "nsew")
+            listboxFrame.columnconfigure(i * 2, weight = 1)
+            lb = tk.Listbox(listboxFrame)
+            lb.grid(row = 1, column = i * 2, sticky = "nsew", rowspan = 3 if i else 1)
+            sb = tk.Scrollbar(listboxFrame) #scrollbar
+            sb.grid(row = 1, column = (i * 2) + 1, sticky = "nsew", rowspan = 3 if i else 1)
+            lb.config(yscrollcommand = sb.set)
+            sb.config(command = lb.yview)
+            self.listboxes.append(lb)
+
+        self.listboxes[0].bind('<<ListboxSelect>>', self.deviceSelect)
+        
+        self.scanning = False
+        self.devices = []
+        self.scanButton = tk.Button(listboxFrame, text = "Start scanning", command = self.pressedScanButton)
+        self.scanButton.grid(row = 2, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = "nsew")
+        self.connectButton = tk.Button(listboxFrame, text = "connect", state = "disabled")
+        self.connectButton.grid(row = 3, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = "nsew")
+
+        self.bottomFrame = tk.Frame(self, bg = "navy")
+        self.bottomFrame.grid(row = 1, column = 0, sticky = "nsew")
+
+        tk.Button(self.bottomFrame, text = "Useless button").grid(row = 0, column = 0, sticky = "nsew")
+
+    def updateDevices(self, devices):
+        if self.scanning:
+            self.devices = devices
+            self.listboxes[0].delete(0, "end")
+            names = list(map(lambda device: device.name, devices))
+            # print(names)
+            self.listboxes[0].insert(0, *names)
+    
+    def deviceSelect(self, event):
+        selection = event.widget.curselection()
+        if selection:
+            index = selection[0]
+            name = event.widget.get(index)
+            print(name)
+            self.connectButton.config(state = "normal")
+
+    def pressedScanButton(self):
+        if not self.scanning:
+            self.scanning = True
+            self.scanButton.config(text = "Stop scanning")
+        else:
+            self.scanning = False
+            self.scanButton.config(text = "Start scanning")
+
+    def close(self):
+        global RUNNING
+        RUNNING = False
+        self.destroy()
+
+root = App()
+
+async def scanDevices(root):
+        print("Scanning for BLE devices...")
+        devices = await BleakScanner.discover()
+        devices = list(filter(lambda device: device.name != None, devices))
+        root.updateDevices(devices)
+    
+async def connectToDevice(device):
+    print("Address: ", device.address)
+    async with BleakClient(device.address) as client:
+        services = client.services
+
+        temp = services.get_characteristic(CHARACTERISTIC_UUID)
+        print(temp.properties)
+        print(temp.description)
+
+async def asyncMain():
+    scanningTask = None
+    while RUNNING:
+        if root.scanning:
+            if scanningTask == None:
+                scanningTask = asyncio.create_task(scanDevices(root))
+                await scanningTask
+                print("Created task")
+            else:
+                if scanningTask.done():
+                    scanningTask = None
+        else:
+            if scanningTask != None:
+                print("Cancel")
+                scanningTask.cancel()
+                scanningTask = None
+    else:
+        if scanningTask != None:
+            scanningTask.cancel()
+
+
+# async def main():
+#     # Discover BLE devices
+#     # device = await discover_devices()
+
+#     # If a device is selected, connect and interact with it
+#     # if device:
+#         # await connect_and_interact(device)
+#         await connect_and_interact(None)
+
+# i = 0
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    thread = threading.Thread(target = lambda: asyncio.run(asyncMain()))
+    thread.start()
+    root.mainloop()
+    thread.join()
\ No newline at end of file

BLE/BLEScanner.py

+import asyncio
+from bleak import BleakScanner, BleakClient
+
+# UUID for the characteristic to interact with
+SERVICE_UUID = '00000001-710e-4a5b-8d75-3e5b444bc3cf'
+CHARACTERISTIC_UUID = '00000002-710e-4a5b-8d75-3e5b444bc3cf'
+
+
+async def discover_devices():
+    print("Scanning for BLE devices...")
+    devices = await BleakScanner.discover()
+
+    if not devices:
+        print("No BLE devices found. Make sure the devices are in range and advertising.")
+        return None
+
+    print("\nFound devices:")
+    devices = list(filter(lambda device: device.name != None, devices))
+    for i, device in enumerate(devices):
+        print(f"{i}: {device.name} - {device.address}")
+
+    # Ask the user to select a device to connect to
+    selected_device_index = int(input("\nSelect the device number you want to connect to: "))
+    if 0 <= selected_device_index < len(devices):
+        return devices[selected_device_index]
+    else:
+        print("Invalid selection.")
+        return None
+
+
+async def connect_and_interact(device):
+    # print("Address: ", device.address)
+    async with BleakClient("D8:3A:DD:D0:7C:61") as client:
+    # async with BleakClient(device.address) as client:
+        # print(f"\nConnected to {device.name} ({device.address})")
+
+        # for key, item in client.services.services.items():
+        #     print("Services:", key, item)
+        #     print(item.characteristics, item.description)
+
+        # Check if the service and characteristic are available on the device
+        services = client.services
+        # print("Characteristics:")
+        # for key, item in services.characteristics.items():
+        #     print(key, "|", item)
+
+        for key, item in services.characteristics.items():
+            uuid, name, properties = item.uuid, item.description, item.properties
+            print(name, uuid, properties)
+
+        temp = services.get_characteristic(CHARACTERISTIC_UUID)
+        print("Properties:", temp.properties)
+        print("Description:", temp.description)
+
+        for i in range(1):
+            data = await client.read_gatt_char(CHARACTERISTIC_UUID)
+            print(data.decode())
+            # await client.write_gatt_char("00000003-710e-4a5b-8d75-3e5b444bc3cf", input("C or F: ").encode())
+        
+
+
+async def main():
+    # Discover BLE devices
+    # device = await discover_devices()
+
+    # If a device is selected, connect and interact with it
+    # if device:
+        # await connect_and_interact(device)
+        await connect_and_interact(None)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    asyncio.run(main())

BLE/BLEScript.py

+import dbus
+from advertisement import Advertisement
+from service import Application, Service, Characteristic, Descriptor
+
+# Constants
+GATT_CHRC_IFACE = "org.bluez.GattCharacteristic1"
+SSID_NAMES_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID = "00000002-710e-4a5b-8d75-3e5b444bc3cf"
+SSID_INFO_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID = "00000003-710e-4a5b-8d75-3e5b444bc3cf"
+NOTIFY_TIMEOUT = 5000
+
+class SSIDAdvertisement(Advertisement):
+    def __init__(self, index):
+        Advertisement.__init__(self, index, "peripheral")
+        self.add_local_name("RoboBin-BT")
+        self.include_tx_power = True
+
+class SSIDService(Service):
+    SSID_SERVICE_UUID = "00000001-710e-4a5b-8d75-3e5b444bc3cf"
+
+    def __init__(self, index):
+        Service.__init__(self, index, self.SSID_SERVICE_UUID, True)
+        self.ssid_names = ["HomeNetwork", "OfficeWiFi", "GuestWiFi"]  # Example SSID list
+        self.selectedSSID = ""
+        self.password = ""
+        self.add_characteristic(SSIDListCharacteristic(self))
+        self.add_characteristic(SSIDInfoCharacteristic(self))
+
+    def get_ssid_names(self):
+        """Returns the SSID list as a string with newline separation."""
+        return "\n".join(self.ssid_names)
+
+    def set_ssid_info(self, ssidInfo):
+        """Sets the SSID and password."""
+        self.selectedSSID, self.password = ssidInfo.split(",")
+
+class SSIDListCharacteristic(Characteristic):
+    """A read-only characteristic that returns a list of SSIDs."""
+    def __init__(self, service):
+        Characteristic.__init__(
+            self, SSID_NAMES_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID, ["read"], service)
+        self.add_descriptor(SSIDListDescriptor(self))
+
+    def ReadValue(self, options):
+        """Returns the list of SSIDs joined by newline characters."""
+        value = []
+        ssid_names_str = self.service.get_ssid_names()
+        
+        for c in ssid_names_str:
+            value.append(dbus.Byte(c.encode()))
+    
+        return value
+
+class SSIDListDescriptor(Descriptor):
+    TEMP_DESCRIPTOR_UUID = "2901"
+    TEMP_DESCRIPTOR_VALUE = "SSID List"
+
+    def __init__(self, characteristic):
+        Descriptor.__init__(self, self.TEMP_DESCRIPTOR_UUID, ["read"], characteristic)
+
+    def ReadValue(self, options):
+        value = []
+        desc = self.TEMP_DESCRIPTOR_VALUE
+        for c in desc:
+            value.append(dbus.Byte(c.encode()))
+        return value
+
+class SSIDInfoCharacteristic(Characteristic):
+    """A read/write characteristic for sending an SSID and password."""
+    def __init__(self, service):
+        Characteristic.__init__(self, SSID_INFO_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID, ["read", "write", "notify"], service) #Adding "notify" to enable notifications
+        self.add_descriptor(SSIDDescriptor(self))
+        self.notifying = False #To track if a client is receiving notifications
+
+    def ReadValue(self, options):
+        """Returns the last sent SSID and password (if any)."""
+        value = []
+        ssid_info_str = (self.service.selectedSSID + ":" + self.service.password) or "No SSID info set"
+
+        for c in ssid_info_str:
+            value.append(dbus.Byte(c.encode()))
+        
+        return value
+
+    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
+        """Writes an SSID and password sent from the client."""
+        ssid_info = "".join([chr(b) for b in value])  # Convert bytes back to string
+        self.service.set_ssid_info(ssid_info)
+        print(f"Received SSID and password: {ssid_info}")
+
+    def StartNotify(self):
+        """Called when a client subscribes to notifications."""
+        if self.notifying:
+            return
+        
+        self.notifying = True
+        # If needed, start sending notifications, e.g., a periodic update like the CPU temperature example
+        # self.add_timeout(NOTIFY_TIMEOUT, self.some_notify_callback)
+
+    def StopNotify(self):
+        """Called when a client unsubscribes from notifications."""
+        self.notifying = False
+
+class SSIDDescriptor(Descriptor):
+    """Descriptor providing additional information about the SSID characteristics."""
+    SSID_DESCRIPTOR_UUID = "2901"
+    SSID_DESCRIPTOR_VALUE = "SSID name and password"
+
+    def __init__(self, characteristic):
+        Descriptor.__init__(self, self.SSID_DESCRIPTOR_UUID, ["read"], characteristic)
+
+    def ReadValue(self, options):
+        value = []
+        desc = self.SSID_DESCRIPTOR_VALUE
+        for c in desc:
+            value.append(dbus.Byte(c.encode()))
+        return value
+
+# Main Application
+app = Application()
+app.add_service(SSIDService(0))
+app.register()
+
+adv = SSIDAdvertisement(0)
+adv.register()
+
+try:
+    app.run()
+except KeyboardInterrupt:
+    app.quit()

BLE/advertisement.py

+"""Copyright (c) 2019, Douglas Otwell
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+"""
+
+import dbus
+import dbus.service
+
+from bletools import BleTools
+
+BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME = "org.bluez"
+LE_ADVERTISING_MANAGER_IFACE = "org.bluez.LEAdvertisingManager1"
+DBUS_OM_IFACE = "org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager"
+DBUS_PROP_IFACE = "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties"
+LE_ADVERTISEMENT_IFACE = "org.bluez.LEAdvertisement1"
+
+
+class Advertisement(dbus.service.Object):
+    PATH_BASE = "/org/bluez/example/advertisement"
+
+    def __init__(self, index, advertising_type):
+        self.path = self.PATH_BASE + str(index)
+        self.bus = BleTools.get_bus()
+        self.ad_type = advertising_type
+        self.local_name = None
+        self.service_uuids = None
+        self.solicit_uuids = None
+        self.manufacturer_data = None
+        self.service_data = None
+        self.include_tx_power = None
+        dbus.service.Object.__init__(self, self.bus, self.path)
+
+    def get_properties(self):
+        properties = dict()
+        properties["Type"] = self.ad_type
+
+        if self.local_name is not None:
+            properties["LocalName"] = dbus.String(self.local_name)
+
+        if self.service_uuids is not None:
+            properties["ServiceUUIDs"] = dbus.Array(self.service_uuids,
+                                                    signature='s')
+        if self.solicit_uuids is not None:
+            properties["SolicitUUIDs"] = dbus.Array(self.solicit_uuids,
+                                                    signature='s')
+        if self.manufacturer_data is not None:
+            properties["ManufacturerData"] = dbus.Dictionary(
+                self.manufacturer_data, signature='qv')
+
+        if self.service_data is not None:
+            properties["ServiceData"] = dbus.Dictionary(self.service_data,
+                                                        signature='sv')
+        if self.include_tx_power is not None:
+            properties["IncludeTxPower"] = dbus.Boolean(self.include_tx_power)
+
+        if self.local_name is not None:
+            properties["LocalName"] = dbus.String(self.local_name)
+
+        return {LE_ADVERTISEMENT_IFACE: properties}
+
+    def get_path(self):
+        return dbus.ObjectPath(self.path)
+
+    def add_service_uuid(self, uuid):
+        if not self.service_uuids:
+            self.service_uuids = []
+        self.service_uuids.append(uuid)
+
+    def add_solicit_uuid(self, uuid):
+        if not self.solicit_uuids:
+            self.solicit_uuids = []
+        self.solicit_uuids.append(uuid)
+
+    def add_manufacturer_data(self, manuf_code, data):
+        if not self.manufacturer_data:
+            self.manufacturer_data = dbus.Dictionary({}, signature="qv")
+        self.manufacturer_data[manuf_code] = dbus.Array(data, signature="y")
+
+    def add_service_data(self, uuid, data):
+        if not self.service_data:
+            self.service_data = dbus.Dictionary({}, signature="sv")
+        self.service_data[uuid] = dbus.Array(data, signature="y")
+
+    def add_local_name(self, name):
+        if not self.local_name:
+            self.local_name = ""
+        self.local_name = dbus.String(name)
+
+    @dbus.service.method(DBUS_PROP_IFACE,
+                         in_signature="s",
+                         out_signature="a{sv}")
+    def GetAll(self, interface):
+        if interface != LE_ADVERTISEMENT_IFACE:
+            raise InvalidArgsException()
+
+        return self.get_properties()[LE_ADVERTISEMENT_IFACE]
+
+    @dbus.service.method(LE_ADVERTISEMENT_IFACE,
+                         in_signature='',
+                         out_signature='')
+    def Release(self):
+        print ('%s: Released!' % self.path)
+
+    def register_ad_callback(self):
+        print("GATT advertisement registered")
+
+    def register_ad_error_callback(self):
+        print("Failed to register GATT advertisement")
+
+    def register(self):
+        bus = BleTools.get_bus()
+        adapter = BleTools.find_adapter(bus)
+
+        ad_manager = dbus.Interface(bus.get_object(BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME, adapter),
+                                LE_ADVERTISING_MANAGER_IFACE)
+        ad_manager.RegisterAdvertisement(self.get_path(), {},
+                                     reply_handler=self.register_ad_callback,
+                                     error_handler=self.register_ad_error_callback)

BLE/bletools.py

+"""Copyright (c) 2019, Douglas Otwell
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+"""
+
+import dbus
+try:
+  from gi.repository import GObject
+except ImportError:
+    import gobject as GObject
+
+BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME = "org.bluez"
+LE_ADVERTISING_MANAGER_IFACE = "org.bluez.LEAdvertisingManager1"
+DBUS_OM_IFACE = "org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager"
+
+class BleTools(object):
+    @classmethod
+    def get_bus(self):
+         bus = dbus.SystemBus()
+
+         return bus
+
+    @classmethod
+    def find_adapter(self, bus):
+        remote_om = dbus.Interface(bus.get_object(BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME, "/"),
+                               DBUS_OM_IFACE)
+        objects = remote_om.GetManagedObjects()
+
+        for o, props in objects.items():
+            if LE_ADVERTISING_MANAGER_IFACE in props:
+                return o
+
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def power_adapter(self):
+        adapter = self.get_adapter()
+
+        adapter_props = dbus.Interface(bus.get_object(BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME, adapter),
+                "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties");
+        adapter_props.Set("org.bluez.Adapter1", "Powered", dbus.Boolean(1))

BLE/service.py

+"""Copyright (c) 2019, Douglas Otwell
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+"""
+
+import dbus
+import dbus.mainloop.glib
+import dbus.exceptions
+try:
+  from gi.repository import GObject
+except ImportError:
+    import gobject as GObject
+from bletools import BleTools
+
+BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME = "org.bluez"
+GATT_MANAGER_IFACE = "org.bluez.GattManager1"
+DBUS_OM_IFACE =      "org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager"
+DBUS_PROP_IFACE =    "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties"
+GATT_SERVICE_IFACE = "org.bluez.GattService1"
+GATT_CHRC_IFACE =    "org.bluez.GattCharacteristic1"
+GATT_DESC_IFACE =    "org.bluez.GattDescriptor1"
+
+class InvalidArgsException(dbus.exceptions.DBusException):
+    _dbus_error_name = "org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.InvalidArgs"
+
+class NotSupportedException(dbus.exceptions.DBusException):
+    _dbus_error_name = "org.bluez.Error.NotSupported"
+
+class NotPermittedException(dbus.exceptions.DBusException):
+    _dbus_error_name = "org.bluez.Error.NotPermitted"
+
+class Application(dbus.service.Object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        dbus.mainloop.glib.DBusGMainLoop(set_as_default=True)
+        self.mainloop = GObject.MainLoop()
+        self.bus = BleTools.get_bus()
+        self.path = "/"
+        self.services = []
+        self.next_index = 0
+        dbus.service.Object.__init__(self, self.bus, self.path)
+
+    def get_path(self):
+        return dbus.ObjectPath(self.path)
+
+    def add_service(self, service):
+        self.services.append(service)
+
+    @dbus.service.method(DBUS_OM_IFACE, out_signature = "a{oa{sa{sv}}}")
+    def GetManagedObjects(self):
+        response = {}
+
+        for service in self.services:
+            response[service.get_path()] = service.get_properties()
+            chrcs = service.get_characteristics()
+            for chrc in chrcs:
+                response[chrc.get_path()] = chrc.get_properties()
+                descs = chrc.get_descriptors()
+                for desc in descs:
+                    response[desc.get_path()] = desc.get_properties()
+
+        return response
+
+    def register_app_callback(self):
+        print("GATT application registered")
+
+    def register_app_error_callback(self, error):
+        print("Failed to register application: " + str(error))
+
+    def register(self):
+        adapter = BleTools.find_adapter(self.bus)
+
+        service_manager = dbus.Interface(
+                self.bus.get_object(BLUEZ_SERVICE_NAME, adapter),
+                GATT_MANAGER_IFACE)
+
+        service_manager.RegisterApplication(self.get_path(), {},
+                reply_handler=self.register_app_callback,
+                error_handler=self.register_app_error_callback)
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.mainloop.run()
+
+    def quit(self):
+        print("\nGATT application terminated")
+        self.mainloop.quit()
+
+class Service(dbus.service.Object):
+    PATH_BASE = "/org/bluez/example/service"
+
+    def __init__(self, index, uuid, primary):
+        self.bus = BleTools.get_bus()
+        self.path = self.PATH_BASE + str(index)
+        self.uuid = uuid
+        self.primary = primary
+        self.characteristics = []
+        self.next_index = 0
+        dbus.service.Object.__init__(self, self.bus, self.path)
+
+    def get_properties(self):
+        return {
+                GATT_SERVICE_IFACE: {
+                        'UUID': self.uuid,
+                        'Primary': self.primary,
+                        'Characteristics': dbus.Array(
+                                self.get_characteristic_paths(),
+                                signature='o')
+                }
+        }
+
+    def get_path(self):
+        return dbus.ObjectPath(self.path)
+
+    def add_characteristic(self, characteristic):
+        self.characteristics.append(characteristic)
+
+    def get_characteristic_paths(self):
+        result = []
+        for chrc in self.characteristics:
+            result.append(chrc.get_path())
+        return result
+
+    def get_characteristics(self):
+        return self.characteristics
+
+    def get_bus(self):
+        return self.bus
+
+    def get_next_index(self):
+        idx = self.next_index
+        self.next_index += 1
+
+        return idx
+
+    @dbus.service.method(DBUS_PROP_IFACE,
+                         in_signature='s',
+                         out_signature='a{sv}')
+    def GetAll(self, interface):
+        if interface != GATT_SERVICE_IFACE:
+            raise InvalidArgsException()
+
+        return self.get_properties()[GATT_SERVICE_IFACE]
+
+class Characteristic(dbus.service.Object):
+    """
+    org.bluez.GattCharacteristic1 interface implementation
+    """
+    def __init__(self, uuid, flags, service):
+        index = service.get_next_index()
+        self.path = service.path + '/char' + str(index)
+        self.bus = service.get_bus()
+        self.uuid = uuid
+        self.service = service
+        self.flags = flags
+        self.descriptors = []
+        self.next_index = 0
+        dbus.service.Object.__init__(self, self.bus, self.path)
+
+    def get_properties(self):
+        return {
+                GATT_CHRC_IFACE: {
+                        'Service': self.service.get_path(),
+                        'UUID': self.uuid,
+                        'Flags': self.flags,
+                        'Descriptors': dbus.Array(
+                                self.get_descriptor_paths(),
+                                signature='o')
+                }
+        }
+
+    def get_path(self):
+        return dbus.ObjectPath(self.path)
+
+    def add_descriptor(self, descriptor):
+        self.descriptors.append(descriptor)
+
+    def get_descriptor_paths(self):
+        result = []
+        for desc in self.descriptors:
+            result.append(desc.get_path())
+        return result
+
+    def get_descriptors(self):
+        return self.descriptors
+
+    @dbus.service.method(DBUS_PROP_IFACE,
+                         in_signature='s',
+                         out_signature='a{sv}')
+    def GetAll(self, interface):
+        if interface != GATT_CHRC_IFACE:
+            raise InvalidArgsException()
+
+        return self.get_properties()[GATT_CHRC_IFACE]
+
+    @dbus.service.method(GATT_CHRC_IFACE,
+                        in_signature='a{sv}',
+                        out_signature='ay')
+    def ReadValue(self, options):
+        print('Default ReadValue called, returning error')
+        raise NotSupportedException()
+
+    @dbus.service.method(GATT_CHRC_IFACE, in_signature='aya{sv}')
+    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
+        print('Default WriteValue called, returning error')
+        raise NotSupportedException()
+
+    @dbus.service.method(GATT_CHRC_IFACE)
+    def StartNotify(self):
+        print('Default StartNotify called, returning error')
+        raise NotSupportedException()
+
+    @dbus.service.method(GATT_CHRC_IFACE)
+    def StopNotify(self):
+        print('Default StopNotify called, returning error')
+        raise NotSupportedException()
+
+    @dbus.service.signal(DBUS_PROP_IFACE,
+                         signature='sa{sv}as')
+    def PropertiesChanged(self, interface, changed, invalidated):
+        pass
+
+    def get_bus(self):
+        bus = self.bus
+
+        return bus
+
+    def get_next_index(self):
+        idx = self.next_index
+        self.next_index += 1
+
+        return idx
+
+    def add_timeout(self, timeout, callback):
+        GObject.timeout_add(timeout, callback)
+
+
+class Descriptor(dbus.service.Object):
+    def __init__(self, uuid, flags, characteristic):
+        index = characteristic.get_next_index()
+        self.path = characteristic.path + '/desc' + str(index)
+        self.uuid = uuid
+        self.flags = flags
+        self.chrc = characteristic
+        self.bus = characteristic.get_bus()
+        dbus.service.Object.__init__(self, self.bus, self.path)
+
+    def get_properties(self):
+        return {
+                GATT_DESC_IFACE: {
+                        'Characteristic': self.chrc.get_path(),
+                        'UUID': self.uuid,
+                        'Flags': self.flags,
+                }
+        }
+
+    def get_path(self):
+        return dbus.ObjectPath(self.path)
+
+    @dbus.service.method(DBUS_PROP_IFACE,
+                         in_signature='s',
+                         out_signature='a{sv}')
+    def GetAll(self, interface):
+        if interface != GATT_DESC_IFACE:
+            raise InvalidArgsException()
+
+        return self.get_properties()[GATT_DESC_IFACE]
+
+    @dbus.service.method(GATT_DESC_IFACE,
+                        in_signature='a{sv}',
+                        out_signature='ay')
+    def ReadValue(self, options):
+        print ('Default ReadValue called, returning error')
+        raise NotSupportedException()
+
+    @dbus.service.method(GATT_DESC_IFACE, in_signature='aya{sv}')
+    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
+        print('Default WriteValue called, returning error')
+        raise NotSupportedException()
+
+
+class CharacteristicUserDescriptionDescriptor(Descriptor):
+    CUD_UUID = '2901'
+
+    def __init__(self, bus, index, characteristic):
+        self.writable = 'writable-auxiliaries' in characteristic.flags
+        self.value = array.array('B', b'This is a characteristic for testing')
+        self.value = self.value.tolist()
+        Descriptor.__init__(
+                self, bus, index,
+                self.CUD_UUID,
+                ['read', 'write'],
+                characteristic)
+
+    def ReadValue(self, options):
+        return self.value
+
+    def WriteValue(self, value, options):
+        if not self.writable:
+            raise NotPermittedException()
+        self.value = value